Paul Andrew Wandless Workshop

Image Transfer Techniques

Paul will provide an introduction to various image transfer techniques for clay. Through hands-on application, participants will attain an understanding of the tools, materials, and techniques for monoprinting, screening, stenciling, embossing and relief printing onto plaster and clay slabs. Paul will show how to create images on screens, relief blocks and stencils so that participants will be able to make their own printing tools.

The workshop will cover most of the material in Paul's book "Image Transfer On Clay" released in October 2006 by Lark Books. Participants will also be trained in new techniques not covered in the book.

Paul will focus on the use of images and designs as a means of personal expression in creating meaningful compositions. Participants will learn to use clay surfaces as canvasses for their own narrative explorations. Layering of printed imagery, color, and text will be achieved using underglazes, slips, and other low-temperature finish materials.

Class size 18. All experience levels welcome.

Paul Andrew Wandless
Artist Statement

Images, colors, materials and narratives reflect my state of mind in a piece at the time I'm creating the work. Reactions to my everyday surroundings and my daily interactions and experiences inspire the content and context. These experiences along with general musings and curiosities lay the groundwork for my personal interpretations of life. My observations and philosophies then manifest themselves through a variety of forms, vehicles and mediums and diverse applications of art techniques that result in my body of work.

I combine ceramic processes with printmaking techniques and take full advantage of both mediums for my work. My visual vocabulary has no bounds as a result and allows for more aesthetically sophisticated compositions and narratives. The clay prints have images and color layered in a way unique to this hybrid approach combining mediums. The prints are narratives full of color, symbols, text, icons, graphics, illustrations and reoccurring characters. Some prints are one of a kind and others part of editions, but all tell stories or share insights with the viewer. Working sculpturally, the figure serves as a point of departure and is used as a tablet or canvass for images, symbols and text to be placed creating my narrative or dialogue. Working this way allows for a metaphorical face to put on personal concerns, beliefs, fears, ideologies and philosophies.

Materials and images are selected for the emotional, psychological, symbolic or iconic connotations they inherently posses. Surface, texture and color reflect my mood and visually project the emotion of the piece. This approach of using multiple layers of color and imagery reflect the multiple layering of ideas and thoughts invested in the work, which produces personally coded content.

Ultimately, my work is meant to engage and inform the viewer by telling my side of the story of how I see the world through my personal experiences, insights and philosophy.

Paul Andrew Wandless Short Bio

Born in Miami, Florida and raised in Delaware, Paul Andrew Wandless currently lives and has his studio in the Philadelphia, PA area. His current body of work utilizes the figure/torso as a point of departure for visual narratives. Ceramic processes and printmaking techniques are combined to create wall mounted and freestanding clay sculpture, mixed media sculpture, prints and paintings. The works are abstract expressive self-portraits reflecting concerns, beliefs and musings of his surroundings and day-to-day experiences. His custom glazes combined with commercial materials are applied in multiple layers with multiple firings to create rich surfaces. Texture, text and bold colors are used to add context and content to the narratives. Printmaking techniques used in his clay work include, screening, stenciling, monoprinting, relief printing, and custom decals.

As a writer, Wandless authored Image Transfer On Clay (Lark Books, 2006) and co-authored Alternative Kilns & Firing Techniques (Lark Books, 2004) and also writes articles for Pottery Making Illustrated magazine as a regular contributor. As an independent curator he specializes in exhibiting artists who utilize image transfer processes to create work. In 1999 he co-founded and maintains a multi-cultural artist website www.culturalvisions.org as a gallery and resource site. Wandless also co-founded the on-line magazine www.terracottamag.com which launched October 2006.

Wandless gives workshops regarding his art, techniques and research around the country and has taught as a visiting assistant professor since 1999 at different Universities while maintaining his studio work and activities. He's currently a Visiting Assistant Professor of Ceramics at Rowan University (NJ). Wandless is also the recipient of the Distinguished Young Alumni Award from Minnesota State University, Mankato (2002) and the 2007 NCECA Outstanding Achievement Award for editing and creating the Demonstrating Artist Series on DVD. His clay work, prints, oil paintings and drawings are collected privately.

Wandless has been a Presidential Appointee to the National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts (NCECA) since 2003 as the video editor for the demonstrating artists program. He served on the Board of Directors for NCECA as a Director-at-Large (2001- 2003), the Board of Directors for The Clay Studio of Philadelphia (2003-2006) and has been on the steering committee for the Philadelphia Sculptors since 2001.

He holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from Arizona State University ('99), a Master of Art degree from Minnesota State University-Mankato ('97) and a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from University of Delaware ('95).

Paul Andrew Wandless Artist Resume

EDUCATION

M.F.A., Arizona State University, 1999

M.A., Minnesota State University, Mankato, 1997

B.F.A., University of Delaware, 1995

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

2007-Present, Visiting Assistant Professor of Ceramics, Rowan University (NJ)

2006-2007, Assistant Professor, Adjunct faculty, Rowan University (NJ)

2004-2006, Assistant Professor, 3/4 time faculty, West Chester University (PA)

2004-2005, Assistant Professor, Adjunct faculty, Rowan University (NJ)

2003-2004, Visiting Assistant Professor, Sabbatical Replacement, University of Delaware

2002-2003, Assistant Professor, Adjunct & Gallery Director, Rowan University (NJ)

2001-2002 , Visiting Assistant Professor, , Lincoln University (PA)

1999-2001, Assistant Professor of Ceramics, , Herron School of Art-Indiana University

1998-1999 , Graduate Teaching Assistant, 2D and 3D Design , Arizona State University, Fall/Spring semester

1998, Clay Instructor, Horizons, New England Craft Program Summer Sessions Sunderland, MA ,

1996-1997, Graduate Teaching Assistant, Art Structure, Minnesota a State University, Mankato

1996-1997, Intern for Waseca Art Center, Waseca, MN,

1995-1996, Ceramics Instructor, George Wilson Community Center, Newark, DE

WORKSHOPS PRESENTED

2007 Creations In Clay Conference, host - Art League of Long Island, NY, Demonstrating Artist

2007 St. Petersburg Clay Company, St. Petersburg, FL, Visiting Artist-workshop

2007 Lee Arts Center, Arlington, VA, Visiting Artist-workshop

2007 Armory Art Center, West Palm Beach, FL, Master Artist workshop and slide lecture

2006 Potters Council Regional Council, Indianapolis, IN, Demonstrating Artist, Clay Fest

2006 Penland School of Crafts, Penland, NC, Visiting Artist workshop

2006 Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA,Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2006 Grambling University, Grambling, LA, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2005 AMACO's Glaze Storm 2005, Indianapolis, IN, Visiting Artist at University of Indianapolis

2005 Manchester Craftsmen's Guild, Pittsburgh, PA, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2005 University of North Carolina-Charlotte, Visiting Artist workshop

2004 Rocky Mount Art Center, Rocky Mount, NC, Visiting Artist workshop for ages 7-10

2004 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, Visiting Artist workshop

2004 Penland School of Crafts, Penland, NC, Visiting Artist workshop

2004 Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2004 Swarthmore College, PA, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2002 University of Vermont, Burlington, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2001 East Tennessee State University, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2001 Indianapolis Museum of Artportfolio workshop for high school students

2000 University of Vermont, Burlington, Visiting Artist-workshop and slide lecture

2000 Craft Students League of New York, Visiting Artist-2 day workshop and slide lecture

2000 American Art Clay Co., Inc (AMACO) Plaster mold making workshop

2000 Virterbo University, LaCrosse, WI, Visiting Artist-1 day workshop and slide lecture

2000 Indiana University, Bloomington, Visiting Artist-2 Day workshop

2000 Warren High School, Indianapolis, IN,Visiting Artist

1999 Indiana University, Bloomington, Visiting Artist-slide presentation

1999 Hispanic Heritage Month Art Workshop, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

1999 Graduate Workshop for Teaching Assistants, Arizona State University, Spring semester

1997 Waseca High School, Clay Handbuilding Workshop

SOLO EXHIBITIONS

2007 "UnCommon Folk" , Tim Salen Gallery-St Petersburg Clay Company, FL

2005 "Recent Works", Manchester Craftsmen's Guild, Pittsburgh, PA

2004 "2 for 1: Clay & Paintings by Paul Andrew Wandless", Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH

2004 "The Dichotomy of Paul Wandless", Editions Limited, Gallery of Fine Art, Indianapolis, IN

2002 , "60/40", University of Vermont, Burlington

2002 "Familiar Strangers", Charlie Cummings Gallery, Ft. Wayne, IN

2002 "FAMILIAR FACES", Atlantic City Art Center, Atlantic City, NJ

2001, "NEW WORKS", East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN

2000, "New Works", Minnesota State University, Mankato - Centennial Student Union,

1999 "Faces", Art One Gallery, Scottsdale, AZ

1997 "DAY DREAMERS", innesota State University - Student Union

1996, "MIXED EMOTIONS", Minnesota State University - Student Union

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY

2007 , Placas de Artistas II (invitational group public art installation)

, Paso de los Libres, Argentina (www.placasdeartistas.com.ar)

2005 "WCU International Faculty Exchange Exhibition", Capital Normal University, Beijing China (Oct. 4-28th)

SELECT GROUP SHOWS

2007 "Friends of Friends:6th Annual Ceramic Invitational", Traveling Exhibition, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, and San Angelo Museum of Fine Art, San Angelo, TX

2007 "Clay & The Transferred Image", Barr Gallery, Indiana University Southeast

2007 "The Figure In Clay", AMACO/Brent Gallery, Indianapolis, IN

2007 "Alabama Clay Conference 22 Exhibition", Kennedy-Douglas Art Center, Florence, AL

2007 "First Fifty: An Arts Center Anniversary Exhibition", Rocky Mount Arts Center, Rocky Mount, NC

2006 "Armory Affaire D'Art", Armory Art Center, West Palm Beach, FL

2006 "Clay Expressions Exhibitions", AMACO/Brent Gallery, Indianapolis, IN

2006 "Muse of Fire: The Ceramic Figure", Charlie Cummings Gallery, FT. Wayne, IN

2006 "Penland Instructor Exhibit", Penland Gallery, Penland School of Crafts, NC

2006, "Beyond Function", Rike Gallery, University of Dayton

2006 "Shades of Clay:A Multi-cultural Look at Contemporary Clay", Traveling Exhibition venues: Museum of Art and History, Santa Cruz, CA; Louisiana Art Museum, Baton Rouge, LA; Berman Museum of Art, Collegeville, PA

2005 "Clay & the Printed Image 1", Charlie Cummings Gallery, FT. Wayne, IN

2005 "New Marks", Howard County Community College, Columbia, MD

2005 "Creativity in Clay: Kuumba", James E. Lewis Museum of Art (Baltimore, MD), Morgan State Universtiy

2005 "Delaware Dirt", Recitation Gallery, University of Delaware

2005 "Shades of Clay:A Multi-cultural Look at Contemporary Clay", Traveling Exhibition venues: Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, Neenah, WI; Stark Gallery, College Station, TX; Museum of Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX

2004 "Earth Tones", Rocky Mount Art Center, Rocky Mount, NC

2004 "Seven Thoughts on Clay", MoToBurton Gallery, Surf City, NJ

2004, "Rowan University Faculty Exhibition", L.B.I. Arts Foundation Gallery, NJ

2004 "Alchemy", Penland Gallery, Penland School of Crafts, NC

2004 "Penland Instructor Exhibit", Penland Gallery, Penland School of Crafts, NC

2004, "AMACO/Brent 2004 NCECA Invitational Exhibition", AMACO/Brent Gallery, Indianapolis, IN

2004 "Herron Faculty and Student Alumni Exhibition", Herron School of Art, Indianapolis, IN

2004 "Diversity in Unity:Contemporary African-American Ceramics", Baltimore Clayworks, Baltimore, MD

2004, "Well Beyond the Crossroads", Concord University, Athens, WV

2003 "You Still Draw Like a Girl", 6th Street Studio, Phoenix, AZ

2003, "Rowan University Faculty Exhibition", Westby Art Gallery, Glassboro, NJ

2003, Atlantic City Art Center, Atlantic City, NJ

2002 , "Bird Abodes", Tyler Arboretum Outdoor sculpture invitational, Sculptural birdhouse

2002, "Shades of Clay 2002", American Jazz Museum, Kansas City, Missouri

2002, "Visions: An African American Journey in Clay", The Clay Studio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2002 "Cultural Visions Vessel Exhibition 2002", 18th Street Studio, Kansas City, Missouri

2001, "Contemporary African-American Ceramics", Pewabic Pottery (Invitational), Detroit, Michigan

2001, "2001 Westmoreland Art Nationals", Westmoreland County Community College (Juried), Youngwood, Pennsylvania

2001, "Indiana Images:African American Visual Artists", Invitational Traveling Exhibition, Venues: Morris Brown College-Ruth Hall Hodges Gallery, Atlanta, Georgia; IPS Crispus Attucks Museum Gallery V, Indianapolis, Indiana

2001, "Breaking the Mold:African-American Ceramists Create", The Afro-American Cultural Center, Charlotte, North Carolina

2001, "Philadelphia Sculptors Members Exhibition", Girard College, Philadelphia, PA

2001, "Lilly Salon 2001:Diaspora", Eli Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 5 Person Invitational, All Media

2000, "Lasting Connections", Northern Clay Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Invitational with brochure

2000, "All Artists Show 2000", Editions Limited Gallery, Indianapolis,IN, gallery artists invitational

2000, "Ceramics Invitational", Effie Conklin Gallery, Minnesota State University-Mankato, Invitational exhibition

2000, Herron School of Art Faculty Exhibition, Herron Art Gallery, Indianapolis, IN

2000, "Meet the Artists 13", Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library, Indianapolis, IN

1999 "Contemporary Ceramics 1999: The Work of African American Ceramic Artists", Invitational Traveling Exhibition, North Carolina Central University Art Museum

Durham, NC; The Ohio Craft Museum, Columbus, OH

1999, "Form & Function: Contemporary Ceramics", Galeria Mesa, Mesa, Arizona, Juried with brochure

1999, "Works in Process, Southern Graphics Council Exhibition", Step Gallery, Tempe, AZ, juried printmaking exhibition

1998 "The Drawing Show", Invitational Group Show, ASU Downtown Gallery, Phoenix, AZ, Juried works on paper exhibition

1998 "All Together Different Self-Portrait Exhibition", Step Gallery, Tempe, AZ, Juried works on paper exhibition

1998 "12th San Angelo National Ceramic Competition" , San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts, San Angelo, TX, Juried with brochure

1996, "4th Annual Southeast Juried Regional Show", Carnegie Gallery, Mankato, MN

1996, "MUDWORKS", Invitational Group Show, Waseca Art Center, Waseca, MN

1995 "MAGNETIC NORTH-THE GREAT ATTRACTION", NCECA Conference, Minneapolis

BOOKS AUTHORED

2006 , Image Transfer On Clay, Published by Lark Books, ISBN 1-57990-635-4

2004 , Alternative Kilns & Firing Techniques: Raku, Saggar, Pit & Barrel , Co-authored with James C. Watkins, Published by Lark Books, ISBN 1-57990-455-6

MAGAZINE ARTICLES AUTHORED

2007, Pottery Making Illustrated (Sep/Oct issue), "Carving With The Sun: Using Photosensitive Polymer Plates for Relief Printing On Clay", Featured article, SEP/OCT issue, pgs 24-28

2007, Pottery Making Illustrated (Jul/Aug issue), "It's A Wrap;Saggar Firing With Aluminum Foil", Featured article, JUL/AUG issue, pgs 15-19

2007, Pottery Making Illustrated (May/Jun issue), "HyperGlaze Basics", Supply Room article, MAY/JUN issue, pgs 36-39

2007, Pottery Making Illustrated (Mar/Apr issue), "Cutouts For Color: Using Stencils For Multi-Color Decoration", Featured article, MAR/APR issue, pgs 31-33

2006, Pottery Making Illustrated (Sep/Oct issue), "A Cut Above: Decorate With Linocuts", Featured article, SEP/OCT issue, pgs 19-22

2006, Pottery Making Illustrated (Sep/Oct issue) "Decalcomania", Supply Room article, SEP/OCT issue, pgs 36-37

2006, Pottery Making Illustrated (Jul/Aug issue), "Successful Barrel Firing", Cover & featured article, JUL/AUG issue, pgs 24-28

2005, Pottery Making Illustrated (Nov/Dec issue), "What A Relief: Making A Lasting Impression With Manhole , Covers", Featured article, NOV/DEC issue, pgs 19-22

2002, ASU Alumni Newsletter (African-American Chapter), "Cultural Visions", February 2002, page 2

MULTIMEDIA

2006 Terra Cotta Magazine (www.terracottamag.com), Co-founder & Art Editor of this quarterly online academic journal providing scholarly reviews, essays, critiques, theory and histories both contemporary and historical on multi-cultural ceramics.

2007, NCECA 2003 Demonstrating Artist Series: Michael Sherrill, Beth Lo and Les Lawrence

2006, NCECA 2005 Demonstrating Artist Series: Chris Gustin, Bill Van Gilder and Beth Cavener Stichter

2005, NCECA 2004 Demonstrating Artist Series: Dan Anderson, Sam Chung and Lisa Orr, NCECA 2004 Keynote Speaker: V.S. Ramachandran

2004, NCECA 2003 Demonstrating Artist Series: Lana Wilson, Jeff Oestreich and Jane Shellenbarger, NCECA 2003 Keynote Speaker: Robert Irwin , NCECA 2003 Closing Speaker: Don Reitz

BIBLIOGRAPHY - BOOKS

2006 Creating Black Americans: African-American History And Its Meanings, 1619 To The Present , by Nell Irvin Painter, published by Oxford Univ. Press, pgs 271, 274 & 436

2004, Electric Kiln Ceramics, 3rd ed., by Richard Zakin, pgs 144, 145 Published by Krause Publishing (2004)

2002 , In The Spirit of Martin: The Living Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Companion book to Smithsonian Institute Traveling Exhibition, page 165, Edited by Gary Miles Chassman, Published by Tinwood Books (2002)

2001, Mastering the Craft, 2nd ed., by Richard Zakin, page 22, Published by Krause Publishing (2001)

2000, Making Ceramic Sculpture, by Raul Acero, page 117, Published by Lark Books (2000)

BIBLIOGRAPHY - PERIODICALS

2007, Clay Times (July/August issue)pg 4, full page Amaco ad

2007, Ceramics Monthly (April issue)pg 31, full page Amaco ad

2007, Clay Times (March/April issue)pg 65, book review by Steven Branfman on Image Transfer On Clay

2006, Ceramics Monthly (December issue)pg 68 & 70, book review by ed. staff on Image Transfer On Clay

2006, Ceramics Monthly (December issue) inside cover, full page Amaco ad

2006, Pottery Making Illustrated (Sep/Oct issue), book review on Image Transfer On Clay , by Summi von Dassow, pg44

2006, Pottery Making Illustrated (Jul/Aug issue), book review on Alternative Kilns & Firing Techniques, by Summi von Dassow, pg44

2006, Arts & Activities (March issue) page 4

2006, Ceramics Monthly (March issue) pgs 24

2006, Arts & Activities (Feb issue) pgs 24-26

2006, Amaco/Brent 2006 Catalog pg 69

2002, The International Review of African American Art, Volume 18 Number 3, page 64

2002 , Ceramics Monthly (April issue) page 16

2000, Black Arts Quarterly (National Circulation), Volume 5, Issue 1 Spring 2000 (pgs. 10, 11 & 17) , Published by Stanford University, http://www.stanford.edu/group/CBPA/BAQ.html

CURATING

2007 Indiana University Southeast (New Albany, IN), Curator of international invitational Image Transfer Exhibition, title:Clay & The Transferred Image

2007, Actors Theatre of Louisville (Louisville, KY), Co-Curator, national invitational multi-cultural ceramic artists, , Title:Earth Tones:A Multi-Cultural Look at Clay

2005 Charlie Cummings Gallery (Ft Wayne, IN), Curator of international invitational, title:Clay & The Printed Image I

2005 James E. Lewis Museum of Art (Baltimore, MD) Morgan State University, curator of national invitational Black American ceramic artists, title:Creativity in Clay: Kuumba

2004, Smith Kramer Fine Art Services (Kansas City, MO), Curator of national invitational Multi-cultural ceramic artists, title: Shades of Clay: a multi-cultural look at contemporary clay, 2.5 year traveling exhibition to 9 museums across the US, Director: Audry Domsky

2004 Rocky Mount Art Center (Rocky Mount, NC), Curator of national invitational Black American ceramic artists, title: Earth Tones

2004 MoToBurton Gallery (Surf City, NJ), Curator of national invitational multi-cultural ceramic artists, Title: Seven Thoughts on Clay

2004, Concord University (Athens, WV), Co-curator for multi-media exhibition, Title: Well Beyond the Crossroads:Contemporary Black Art

2002, American Jazz Museum (Kansas City, MO), Curator of national invitational multi-cultural ceramic artists, Title: Shades of Clay 2002

2002 18th Street Studio (Kansas City, MO), Curator for national invitational vessel show, Title: Cultural Visions Vessel Exhibition 2002

2001 , Herron School of Art Sculpture and Ceramic Gallery, curator for National invitational of MFA candidates, The Ceramic Graduate Invitational Exhibition

HONORS, AWARDS, GRANTS

2007, NCECA Outstanding Achievement Award

2002, 2002 Distinguished Young Alumni Award, Minnesota State University, Mankato

2001 , Honorable Mention Award, 2001 Westmoreland Art Nationals

1999, Rudy Turk Award in the History of American Craft, College of Art, Department of Art History, Arizona State University

1999, College of Fine Arts Student Enrichment Grant, Arizona State University 1999

1998, Graduate Student Association Travel Grant, Arizona State University 1998

JUROR

2004 , Lincoln University, co-juror for University student art competition

2001, 2001 Prelude Awards, Juror (panel of 3) for visual arts competition (Jan. 9), Recognizes excellence in the visual arts of high school , youth in Marion County, IN

2001, Broadripple Arts Fair 2001, Juror (panel of 5) for a national call for artists

LECTURES AND PANELS

2006, Berman Museum of Art, Ursinus College (PA), Curators Lecture for Shades of Clay Exhibition (9.14.06)

2002, University of Southern Maine Pushing Clay Symposium, Mutual influence of Western & Asian Clay in Contemporary Ceramics, Panel discussion and presentation

2001, National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts, Break-out Session, "Increasing Visibility of Minority Artists Using the Web", Charlotte Conference (3.29.2001)

2000, National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts, NCECA Connections, "Minorities in Clay and Higher Education", Denver conference

BOARDS

NCECA Presidential Appointee to the board (2003- present), Video Project editor (DVD creation)

Philadelphia Sculptors, Steering Committee Member (2001- present)

National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts (NCECA), NCECA Board of Directors, Director-At-Large (2001-2003)

The Clay Studio, Philadelphia, Advisory Board (2006)

The Clay Studio, Philadelphia, Board of Directors (2003-2006)

COMMISSIONS

2000, Urban Hero Award - NASULGC conference, San Antonio, Commissioned by IUPUI Chancellor Gerald L. BepkO

1999, Urban Hero Award - NASULGC conference, San Francisco, Commissioned by IUPUI Chancellor Gerald L. Bepko

VOLUNTEERING

1999 Co-found and maintain www.culturalvisions.org as a free online gallery , service for multi-cultural artists

1998, NCECA Demonstrating Artist Assistant for Judy Onofrio, NCECA - Las Vegas, NV, Artist Demonstration Series

1997 Workshop Assistant for Don Reitz, Minnesota State University-Mankato

MEMBERSHIPS

National Council on Education for the Ceramic Arts - NCECA (since 1994)

Potters Council (since 2003)

Philadelphia Sculptors (since 2001)

Southern Graphics Council - SGC (since 2007)

Americans For The Arts - (since 2007)